Splanchnology内脏学
夏青
人体解剖学教研室
天津医学高等专科学校
Composition:
Digestive system 消化系统
Respiratory system 呼吸系统
Urinary system 泌尿系统
Reproductive system 生殖系统
Digestive System
消化系统
Composition 消化系统组成
Digestive tract 消化管
Mouth 口腔
Pharynx 咽
Esophagus 食管
Stomach 胃
Small intestine小肠
Large intestine 大肠
Duodenum 十二指肠
Jejunum 空肠
Ileum 回肠
Digestive gland 消化腺:大消化腺,小消化腺
Superior digestive tube
上消化道
Inferior digestive tube
下消化道
Major salivary glands 大唾液腺
Liver 肝
Pancreas 胰
Function: ingestion, digestion, absorption, egesting
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Large intestine
Liver
Pancreas
Major salivary glands
Reference lines of thorax胸部标志线
Anterior median line前正中线
Midclavicular line锁骨中线
Midaxillary line腋中线
Scapular line肩胛线
Posterior median line 后正中线
腋中线
肩胛线
后正中线
The abdominal regions腹部分区
Nine regions九区法
Four quadrants 四区法
Four quadrants 四区法
The Esophagus 食管
General features 位置及形态
a muscular tuber about 25cm long, connecting the pharynx at level of C6 vertebra, at level of T11 vertebra enters the stomach.
Division:
Cervical part 颈部
Thoracic part胸部
Abdominal part腹部
Three constrictions食管3个狭窄
第一狭窄:起始部At its beginning, 15cm from incisors, lies at level of C6, is the narrowest part of the esophagus
第二狭窄: 与左主支气管交叉处Where it is crossed by left main bronchus, 25cm from incisors, lies at level of intervertebral disc between T4 and T5.
第三狭窄:穿膈处 Where it passes through the esophageal hiatus of diaphragm, 40cm from incisors, at level of T10
The Stomach 胃
Shape形态,分部
Two surface两壁:
anterior前壁 and posterior后壁.
Two curvatures两缘
Lesser curvature 胃小弯 : short, concave and directed to the right and upward, Greater curvature 胃大弯: long, convex and directed to the left and downward.
Two openings两口
Cardia 贲门
Pylorus 幽门
Four parts四部
Cardiac part 贲门部
Fundus of stomach 胃底
Body of stomach 胃体
Pyloric part 幽门部
Pyloric antrum 幽门窦
Pyloric canal 幽门管
Cardiac part 贲门部
Fundus of stomach 胃底
Body of stomach 胃体
Pyloric antrum 幽门窦
Pyloric canal 幽门管
Pyloric part 幽门部
Position 胃的位置
-Mainly parts is situated in the left hypochondriac region左季肋区, small in the epigastric region腹上区;
The Small Intestine小肠
About 5-7m long,
Divided into
Duodenum 十二指肠
Jejunum 空肠
Ileum 回肠
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Duodenum十二指肠
Four parts
Superior part 上部
Duodenal cap 十二指肠球
Superior duodednal flexure
十二指肠上曲
Descending part 降部
Major duodenal papilla
十二指肠大乳头
Minor duodenal papilla
十二指肠小乳头
Inferior duodenal flexure
十二指肠下曲
Horizontal part 水平部
Ascending part 升部
duodenojejunal flexure
十二指肠空肠曲
十二指肠悬韧带 (ligament of Treitz), a surgical landmark, descends from the right crus of diaphragm to duodenal termination.
Jejunum空肠 and ileum回肠
Jejunum and ileum空肠,回肠区别
Aggregated
Solitary
Lymphatic follicles淋巴滤泡
Paler pink
Deeper red
Colour颜色
Less
Greater
Vascularity血管分部
Fewer,smaller
Larger, numerous
Circular folds环状襞
Thin
Thicker
Wall管壁
Less
Greater
Diameter管径
Lower 3/5
Upper 2/5
Position位置
Ileum回肠
Jejunum空肠
Characteristic特点
Large Intestine 大 肠
Approximately 1.5m long,
Five parts:
Cecum 盲肠
Vermiform appendix 阑尾
Colon 结肠
Rectum 直肠
Canal 肛管
Large Intestine 大肠
Features
Colic bands 结肠带
Haustra of colon 结肠袋
Epiploic appendices 肠脂垂
Cecum 盲肠
Blind sac, first part of large intestine, with largest diameter and thinnest wall
Lies in right iliac fossa
The ilium enters the cecum obliquely, and partially invaginates into it, forming the ileocecal valve-consists of two folds, probably delays flow of ileal contents into large intestine
Vermiform appendix 阑尾
位于右髂窝,长约6-8cm.
阑尾根部体表投影( Mac Burney麦氏点)
右髂前上棘与脐连线的中,外1/3交点处.
Surface marking of the base is at the so-called McBurney's point which is at junction of lateral and middle thirds of line joining right anterior superior iliac spine and umbilicus
Colon 结肠
Ascending colon 升结肠
right colic flexure 结肠右曲
Transverse colon 横结肠
left colic flexure
Descending colon 降结肠descends almost vertically from left colic flexure to sigmoid colon at left iliac crest.
Sigmoid colon乙状结肠-extends from descending colon to rectum at level of S3.
Rectum 直肠
Position: within pelvic cavity, extends from S3 to pelvic diaphragm.
Curves两个弯曲:
Sagittal plane
Sacral flexure 直肠骶曲 convex backward
Perineal flexure 直肠会阴曲 convex forward.
骶曲
会阴曲
肝 Liver
概述 Introduction
肝的功能:
合成分泌胆汁;
参与物质代谢,蛋白质,脂肪和糖;
代谢解毒,药物,激素转化分解;
吞噬及免疫防御 ;
一,肝的形态
肝呈不规则的楔形,分膈面,脏面和上下缘.
(一)膈面 Diaphragmatic Surface
Right Lobe of Liver 肝右叶
Left Lobe of Liver 肝左叶
镰状韧带
肝圆韧带
肝圆韧带裂
左侧纵沟
静脉韧带裂
"H"沟 横沟:肝门,肝蒂

胆囊窝
右侧纵沟
腔静脉沟
分叶: 左叶,右叶,方叶,尾状叶
肝的位置和毗邻
(二)脏面Visceral Surface
右叶
肝门
肝固有动脉
肝左,右管
肝门静脉
肝圆韧带裂
静脉韧带
胆囊
下腔静脉
左叶
方叶
尾状叶
下缘
三,肝的体表投影
肝的上界与膈的穹窿一致,肝最高点.
在右侧相当于右锁骨中线与第五肋的交点处.
在左侧相当于左锁骨中线与第五肋间隙的交点处,
肝的下界,右侧大致与右肋弓一致,在腹上区可达剑突下3-5cm.
胆囊 gallbladder
形态
位置
分部
底,体,颈,管
胆囊底体表投影
胆囊三角(Calot三角)

输胆管道 Bile Duct
包括肝左管,肝右管,肝总管, 胆囊Gallbladder与胆总管.
肝左管
肝右管
Common Hepatic Duct 肝总管
Gallbladder胆囊
Cystic duct 胆囊管
Common Bile Duct胆总管
Fundus of Gallbladder胆囊底
Body of Gallbladder胆囊体
Neck of Gallbladder 胆囊颈
Hepatopancreatic Ampulla 肝胰壶腹
胆汁排泄途径
平时
肝 肝左管,肝右管 肝总管 胆囊管 胆囊
进食
胆囊 胆囊管
胆总管 肝胰壶腹
肝 肝左管,肝右管 肝总管
十二指肠大乳头
十二指肠
小结
肝的形态
肝的位置
肝的体表投影
肝外管道
第八节 胰 Pancreas
2.胰分胰头,胰体,胰尾
Body of Pancreas 胰头
Body of pancreas 胰体
Tail of Pancreas 胰尾
Pancreatic Duct 胰管
肝胰壶腹
1.胰的位置和毗邻
The peritoneum 腹膜
腹 膜 peritoneum
壁腹膜
parietal peritoneum
脏腹膜
visceral peritoneum
腹膜腔
peritoneal cavity
腹膜的功能
概 述
腹膜与腹盆腔脏器的关系
腹膜内位器官
腹膜间位器官
腹膜外位器官
网膜 omentum
小网膜 lesser omentum
大网膜 greater omentum
网膜囊
网膜孔 omental foramen
omental bursa
腹膜形成的结构
系 膜
肠系膜 mesentery
阑尾系膜 mesoappendix
横结肠系膜
transverse mesocolon
乙状结肠系膜
sigmoid mesocolon
韧 带 ligament
肝的韧带
胃的韧带
脾的韧带
Pouches陷凹
In male-rectovesical pouch 直肠膀胱陷窝
In female
Rectouterine pouch 直肠子宫陷窝-between rectum and uterus
Vesicouterine pouch 膀胱子宫陷窝-between bladder and uterus